• DePIN: Distributed physical infrastructure network
• Managed DePIN: Hybrid model combining distributed ownership and centralized standard operation and maintenance (O&M)
• QC: Data quality management, including outlier and missing value checks as well as consistency checks
• Calibration: Sensor calibration and accuracy verification
• Nowcasting: Ultra-short-term forecasting
• Oracle: Layer verifying and transmitting external data for chain settlement
• Parametric Insurance: Condition-based automatic payout insurance
